Anemia And the Adequacy of Prenatal Care According to Kessner/ Institute of Medicine Index
Dr: Mayada Mohammed Al-Dankali*, Abdulaziz Nasser Ahmed Al shakliah1, Nadmi Mohammed Alabd Ali2, Amer Abdullah Naji3, Omnia Mohammed Saeed Mohammed Aqlan4, Manar Abdulatef Ali Abdullah5, Ahlam Obadi Mohammed Aljahmi6.
1. Cardiology department-Kaser Alaini hospital, Cairo University.
2. College of medicine and health science-Aden university.
3. College of medicine and health science- Aden University.
4. College of medicine and health science- Aden university.
5. College of medicine and health science- Aden university.
6. College of medicine and health science- Aden university.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Mayada Mohammed Al-Dankali, Assistant professor and consultant in Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Copy Right: © 2022 Dr. Mayada Mohammed Al-Dankali, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received Date: June 28, 2022
Published Date: July 05, 2022
Introduction
Anemia is a major preventable nutritional deficiency in the world, about one third of the global population (over 2 billion) is anemic. (1) Iron deficiency is the most common cause in pregnancy. (2)
The prevalence of anemia was highest in south Asia and central and west Africa(3) From statistical point of view regarding anemia, WHO global database on anemia 2021 estimate the prevalence of anemia to be 29.9% of women in reproductive age in 2019 worldwide.(4) Furthermore, Anemia contributes to maternal death indirectly by 15-20%.(5) Prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in developing countries is relatively high (33% - 75%) (2,6), while 15% of pregnant women are anemic in developed countries (2,6-9)
Yemen is one of the developing countries and studies from South Yemen reports a relatively higher results. In a study conducted in al Huta Lahej governorate showed that 204 (94%) of the study group were found to have Hb level below 11g/dl.(10). Another study about the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in Al-Mukala 2001 showed that 81% of pregnant women were anemic.(11) And a prospective study was carried out in Al sadaqa teaching hospital during Oct2002-March2003 over 500 full term pregnant women, found that the prevalence of anemia was 83.4%,significantly due to poor iron supplement and other bad habits.(12)
The predisposing factors for anemia include grand multiparty, low socioeconomic status, inadequate dietary intake, mal absorption of iron, folic and vitamin B 12, chronic infection, bleeding source, late prenatal care, Malaria and tropical diseases, HIV infection and inadequate spacing of pregnancies (9).also increased demands of essential micronutrients iron, folic acid and vitamin B12.
Anemia is regarded as a major risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes for both; the mother and the fetus. Anemia has been associated with preterm delivery and low birth weight infants (13) and maternal and prenatal mortality (14). Fetal mortality has consistently been associated with maternal mortality (15).. Anemia is associated with poor cognitive development in children, and work capacity in adults, influencing country development.(4)
Specialized and systematic care during pregnancy is important for the healthier pregnancy and optimum pregnancy outcomes. Regular ANC attendance is believed to guarantee healthier pregnancies and uneventful deliveries, and women who miss visits are considered at risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. (16–19)
Accurate assessment of prenatal care utilization is the critical first step in the development of public health programs to improve prenatal care accessibility and ultimately to improve birth outcomes. (20)
Therefore, in order to prevent all of the mentioned sequel and from point of public health measures, antenatal care would strongly decrease the incidence of these sequel by educating the pregnant women regarding anemia, its causes, ways and measures of prevention (by providing nutritional education with the emphasis on the locally and affordable food stuffs and administration of iron, folic acid supplements). It’s believed that not only Antenatal care (ANC) will combat these problems but also will participate in the development of the country by means of ensuring the mothers with healthy and productive life and enable them to deliver healthy newborns. (21)
Worldwide there are several studies which deal with anemia in pregnancy or prenatal care but few study the relation between them. In Yemen anemia and prenatal care where studied separately and no reports about the effect of prenatal care or its quality on the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
The interest of this study was to assess the prevalence of anemia and the quality of prenatal care among pregnant women attending ANC centers for at least one visit, and to measure the influence of quality of care on the prevalence of anemia.
General
To determine the prevalence of anemia & its relation to the adequacy of prenatal care among pregnant women admitted to Al-Sadaka Teaching Hospital.
Specific
1- To identify the sociodemographic, medical & obstetric characteristics of the studied population (age, education, parity, etc.).
2- To study the relation between the maternal anemia and the prenatal care.
3- To determine the quality of prenatal care through the studied population.
Methodology
Study Setting
A retrospective hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in Al- Sadaka Teaching Hospital from 1st January to 28th february 2018. The study population included all pregnant women admitted to the hospital during the study period. Al-Sadaka Teaching Hospital is a referral hospital in the region that provides preventive, curative, and diagnostic services to Aden city and its surroundings and serves as a referral center to the south of Yemen.
Data Collection
Data about socioeconomic, demographic medical and obstetrical characteristics of pregnant women were collected from medical records and filled in to a questionnaire, and a blood hemogram were registered. In this study the hemoglobin (HGB) value was determined at admission and the severity of anemia was noted based on the HGB value according to the WHO definition as HGB < 11 g/dl, Mild, moderate and severe anemia was defined as HGB measurements between 10-10.9 g/dl, 7- 9.9g/dl and less than 7 g/dl, respectively. Information about antenatal care ( first visit, number of visits) were collected from medical file, the quality of antenatal care was defined according to Kessner index.
Quality of prenatal care according to kessner index
A classification of prenatal care was developed by the Institute of Medicine in 1973 David Kessner was the first author of the Institute of Medicine(IOM). The Kessner Index- the principal adequacy of prenatal care utilization index includes information about both the timing of prenatal care initiation and quantity of prenatal care visits after initiation. It was published in 1973 as part of an IOM-supported study of infant mortality in New York City.(22) The Kessner Index combines two continuous numeric measures ( month prenatal care begins and number of visits, adjusting for length of gestation) and rigidly links them into a very easy to understand index with three levels of adequacy (Adequate, Intermediate? and Inadequate).(20) To be rated Adequate on the Kessner Index, one must start prenatal care in the first trimester and have nine prenatal care visits for a normal-length pregnancy.
Prenatal care and Antenatal care are the same and used interchangeably in this article
Booking or first visit
Was defined as Early booking; if in the first trimester or late if after the first trimester
Exclusion criteria
Incomplete files about preenatal care visits & blood HGB were omitted, Also pregnancies with multiple pregnancy and chronic medical diseases were excluded from the study.
Data Analysis
Data was entered and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, software. The frequency distributions of the variables were worked out. Frequency tables and charts were used to present the summarized
Ethical Consideration
Ethical approval was obtained from the authority of the hospital.
Results
This study enrolled a total number of 503 pregnant women admitted to the hospital for different indications, the majority of them 365 (72.6% ) were in the age group of 20-34 years. The two extremes have near equal distribution.
More than half have primary school education 269 (53.3%) and most of them were house wife 476 (94.6%).
The obstetric characteristics of the study population were of a pleuripara 1-3 previous pregnancies 256 (50.9%).
The majority of them were admitted to the hospital during this current pregnancy in their third trimester of pregnancy 438 (96%). Table (1).
Anemia was highly prevalent among the studied population It affects 334 patients (66.4%).
Graph no. 1.
In terms of severity a total number of 189 (37.6%) have moderate anemia and 135 (26.8%) have mild anemia and only 10 (2%). with severe anemia.
More than half of the patients use iron supplements during this current pregnancy (53.5%). the iron used were prophylactic in 225 of users (83.6%) and therapeutic for 44 patients (16.4%). Although only 10 patients have severe anemia there was 47 (9.3%) patients give a history of blood transfusion.
Regarding to antenatal care in this study we find that about 495 (98.4%) of the patients under study were attend to antenatal care during pregnancy with a minimum of at least one visit, with the majority of them started their booking visit early in the first trimester before the 12th week of pregnancy 301 (60.8%). And 194 (39.2) have late booking. Table (3).
Although most of our studied population have attended to antenatal care in their first trimester; a round half of ANC was classified as inadequate care 253 (50.3%) And more than a third 31.2% have intermediate ANC, according to kessner index, ((Kessner index define the quality of ANC according to number of visits for each trimester)). Table (3).
The iron supplement was taken only by a little more than half of anemic patients 174 (52.1%) in this study. Graph.2.
The distribution of anemic patients according to severity of anemia and gestational age at admission, shows that patients in the first trimester have equal distribution of all degrees of anemia, while those in the third trimester have more prevalent anemia of moderate degree 178 (56.3%). in general anemia of moderate degree was observed more in this study 189 (56.6%), & the distribution according to severity of anemia was: moderate, mild and severe, 189 (56.6%), 135 (40.4%), and 10 (3%) respectively. Table (5)
There are 334 patients with anemia in this study the majority of them have at least one visit to ANC centers 327 (97.9%). Graph (3).
Most of patients with early ANC have their booking visit in the first trimester 224 (74.4%) were anemic, while most of those with late booking were non-anemic 91 (46.9%). Table (5)In relation of anemia to ANC, among admitted patients there are 8 patients who never attend to ANC during this pregnancy, 7 (87.5%) of them have anemia and only one patient has no anemia. Moderate anemia was the most common type among nonusers of ANC, late booking and early booking respectively (71.4%, 57.2% & 55.8%). Table (6).
Regarding the frequency of anemia and quality of antenatal care, anemia was more prevalent among patients with inadequate care 178 (53.3%) with moderate type being the most common 113 (63.5%),
patients with adequate & intermediate ANC have nearly equal distribution of mild and moderate anemia. Table (7).
Graph.4. Shows the distribution of anemia patients according to the degree of anemia and adequacy of ANC.
Graph. 5. Shows that more than half of anemia patients have inadequate ANC 53.3% , and a third of them have intermediate care 30.8%.
In Table (8). We have the full distribution of study population in relation to anemia and adequacy of ANC and gestational age at admission to the hospital. Patients admitted in first trimester have anemia and similar level of care while those in 2nd trimester 15 of 17 patients were anemic (88.2%) and 10 of them (58.8%) with inadequate ANC, the anemia patients who were in their third trimester of pregnancy at admission were 316 (94.6%), and the majority of them 167 (93.8%) have inadequate care,
Graph. 6.represents the quality of ANC among anemic patients and their gestational age at admission to the hospital.
Discussion
Anemia is an indicator of both poor nutrition and poor health. Failure to reduce anemia may result in millions of women experiencing impaired health and quality of life, and may impair children development and learning. (23)
In most developing countries anemia in pregnancy makes an important contribution to maternal mortality and morbidity (24, 9).
The role of early and quality antenatal care (ANC) in preventing maternal anemia cannot be overemphasized. (25) Good nutritional awareness and practices or quality prenatal services and utilization among well motivated and highly aware women are expected to reduce the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy in any society.(26)
Anemia is highly prevalent in this study (66.4%), but relatively lower than previous studies done in South Yemen (10-12). Similar findings were reported in eastern Sudan (62.6%), South Ethiopia and China (70%); (27-29).
However, the prevalence of anemia reported in pregnant women showed variability in different countries. studies conducted in south East Ethiopia (Harar), Gondar Nigeria and Thailand showed prevalence of anemia as 27.9%, 23.2% , 23.2%, 14%, respectively (30-33). which were much lower from the report obtained in this study. India reported a higher result than this study, a study carried out among 7 states by Nutritional Foundation of India observed the overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women as 84% another two studies in India also reported the same prevalence 84%. (34-36). Similar high prevalence of anemia in pregnancyalso reported in studies from Tanzania, Sudan and Nigeria.(27, 37-41)
Socioeconomic, demographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant woman may affect the magnitude of anemia (42). Anemia was associated with aspects of lower socioeconomic class, low level of education, rural residence, not working low reported income. Other clinical characteristics such as gravidity, regular ingestion of iron supplements, trimester of pregnancy, and other factors are shown to be risk factors for anemia (42-46).
The majority of the study subjects were in the third trimester of pregnancy 96%, unemployed & housewife 94.6% and more than half of them with low educational level 53.3%, and about half of them 50.9% have one to three previous pregnancies (pleuripara), these considered as risk factors for anemia in pregnancy Similar to study from India. (35)
According to the WHO classification of severity of anemia in pregnancy, moderate anemia (HGB 7-9.9g/dl) was more frequent in more than third 37.6% of pregnant women under study and more than half 56.6%, followed by mild anemia 40.4% and severe anemia 3% in anemic patients attending ANC during current pregnancy. studies in Ethiopia indicated that moderate anemia constitutes a significant portion of anemia in pregnant women attending ANC clinics.
Other studies in Ethiopia, reported a mild anemia ranging from 23% to 81%, and moderate anemia from 17.9% to 74.3%. This finding is comparable with studies in other countries, (28,35,37,47-50).
In this study it was identified that anemia was significantly higher in the third trimester of pregnancy 316 (94.4%). This is comparable with other studies conducted in sub–Saharan Africa, in Ethiopia and Nigeria (47,48, 51). Similar reports have also been found in other studies (6, 52).
The majority of anemia patients have received ANC services for at least one visit during this pregnancy 97.9%. And 68.5% started their first booking early in the first trimester and 31.5% late after the first trimester. Which mean that anemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women attending prenatal care in Yemen due to lack of nutritional support at ANC in addition to low quality level of services.
Most of patients in this study have access to ANC services and have anemia also, which is related to other sociodemographic factors mainly the poverty, nutritional deficiency and inaccessibility to iron supplements at ANC centers as Yemen is one of the poor countries in the world. After the war in 2015 the lack of free iron supplements and nutritional support to pregnant women attending ANC centers was more intense. As shown in this study only 53.5% of pregnant women take iron tablets during pregnancy and the remainder 46.5% ignore iron intake despite that most of them attend to ANC centers 98.4%.
Similar findings were reported in many studies in the surrounding developing countries. Anemia prevalence in pregnant women attending ANC clinics in different studies from Ethiopia, ranged from 53 to 62.7% (37,53,54) and in the Boditii health center at Southern Ethiopia eastern Sudan 62.6%. (28)
According to WHO recommendations; every pregnant mother should start ANC booking during the first trimester of pregnancy [55,56].
This study finding showed that the majority of women 301 (60.8%) made early booking for ANC visit Whereas 194 (39.2%) were booked late. More recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data illustrate that 16% of women started ANC in the first trimester in Nigeria (2008), 47% in Congo-Brazzaville (2005) and 55% in Ghana (2008) (57–62). A higher prevalence reported in Indonesia 80%.(63) The prevalence of timely booking for antenatal care in the current study is relatively higher than that reported in other studies. Ethiopia demographic health survey 2014 revealed 17%? south Eastern Tanzania 29%, South Western Nigeria17.4%, and Uganda 27.9%. (58, 64-67)
The Kessner Index has been widely adopted for public health research, planning? and resource allocation. The Kessner Index has also been widely used to assess the association between prenatal care and birth outcomes. (68-71)
The quality of prenatal care of our studied population were classified according to initially published kessner index algorithm.
Although most of women under study receive their ANC care early in the first trimester. Among anemia patients there are 53.3% classified as having inadequate prenatal care which is due to insufficient number of visits for each trimester as described by kessner index. Although Kessner et al. called their index the "Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index," their measure indicates nothing about the content or clinical adequacy of prenatal care; it is a utilization index only.
Suboptimal and low quality of care at ANC centers, poor counseling regarding risk factors and prevention of anemia in pregnancy and lack of folic, iron and nutritional supplementation are contributing factors.
Our results support the findings of others, regarding the urgent need for improvement of quality care of prenatal care program(24,72,73).
Conclusion
The high prevalence of anemia, despite the attendance and easy access to ANC care, indicates the level of ignorance and indifference to health needs and low quality of care. Therefore, increased health education on risk factors and interventions to prevent the prevalence and severity of anemia among pregnant women should be a priority for mothers attending ANC. (28)
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