OPA1 is Basis for Macrophages, Glucocorticoids Subunits, Neutrophile, RAW264.7 Cells and T-cells Regulations, where OPA1 Contain COX Sequence Followed by Synthetase, then Synthase, then Phospholipase Sequences Respectively

Ashraf Marzouk El Tantawi*
 

Corresponding Author: Ashraf Marzouk El Tantawi, Biomedical molecular studies, Toronto Canada, Cairo Egypt.

Copy Right: © 2021 Ashraf Marzouk El Tantawi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received Date: July 14, 2021

Published date: August 01, 2021

The purpose of this study:

Understanding the mitochondrial OPA1 inner membrane function in cellular biological activities for the three RORs isoforms productions, for running biological cycles for producing:

1)fatty acyl-CoA-synthetase (ROR-gamma).

2)fatty acyl-CoA synthase (ROR-beta),

3) fatty acyl-CoA phospholipase (ROR-alpha) synthesis and productions, for phorbol ester which is (fatty- acyl-CoA-synthetase "gamma-subunits") productions, for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) synthesis, for netrin-1 repairs and activities, for LPS-Rs productions, for TLR4 biosynthesis, for reactivating RAW264.7 cells, and for T-cells biosynthesis. 

Abstract

OPA1 inner membrane considered as a perfectly regulator tools for glucocorticoid subunits productions ( glucocorticoids-gamma {GC-g} and glucocorticoid-beta {GC-b} ) , RAW264.7 cells, T-cells productions, where OPA1 inner membrane contains COX, then synthetase, followed by synthase, then phospholipase in arranged sequences according to their functions respectively for running and regulating the basis of survival biological pathways in vivo perfectly, where, can be repaired by RORs isoforms productions which originally regulated firstly by ATPase and COX-1 enzymes effect on fatty-nutrients-mTOR molecules for producing long fatty acids chains which will be affected by synthetase, synthase, then by phospholipase for producing the three imp active subunits (gamma subunits, beta-subunits and alpha- subunits respectively ). 

The RORs isoforms and fatty-acyl-CoAs active subunits are comprising the Ser /Thr kinase cascade, where deficiency in Ser amino acids and pyrimidine synthesis lead to pathogenic in vivo.  fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase (ROR-gamma) is the basis for ROR-beta subunits productions and for glucocorticoid-gamma and beta synthesis, while Phorbol ester (PMA) can be considered as strong active fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase biological subunits that depend on the function of synthetase enzyme functions for producing fatty acyl-CoA-synthetase subunits (gamma- subunits) where both PMA and gamma-subunits are having a necessary role on carbohydrate and fat metabolism for producing hydrophobic fatty and amino acids, and both are necessary for acyl-CoA- synthase subunits productions (Beta-subunit) upon synthase effects, then for interleukin beta (IL-beta) productions, for promoting autophagy activities. 

Hypoxia can be defined as a full decrease in COX or ATPase enzymes Effects or in gamma oxidation on the absorbed fatty nutrients-mTOR molecules and on inflammations molecules, lead to inhibition in Gamma-subunits synthesis (which is the basis for building proper subunits for carrying oxygen and beta and alpha subunits synthesis ) that molecules will not be analyzed properly then will reflect inhibitions in the production of long fatty acids chains that will lead to precipitation in and blockage in capillaries and may reflect inhibitions in Gamma-oxidations, or in the beta-oxidation lead to inhibition in alpha- oxidations. 

Fatty-acyl-CoA Synthetase is the basic effective tool for modulating prostaglandins, for anti- inflammations in the availability of proper beta-oxidations, and for improving phospholipid membranes in availabilities of phospholipase functions. 

Plasmids are considered as double-stranded subunits gamma-subunits and Beta-subunit that each is running its own oxidative processes, where basically plasmids are having the basic origin of the of gamma and beta subunits biosynthesis (fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase and synthase) invertebrates, that depend on synthetase and synthase enzymes activities in their biosynthesis. 

Gamma-oxidations can analyze and inhibit the Generated TLR4 due to over gamma-oxidation process, but beta-oxidations followed by alpha-oxidations will activate TLR4 and T-cells functions and activities.

(TEAD) transcription factors have been conserved in proliferating processes such as development, cell growth, and proliferation, and it contain long fatty-acyl-CoA-phospholipase subunits that are necessary for phospholipid synthesis and is fully regulated by both ROR-gamma activity (TAZ subunits ) and then by ROR-beta activity (YAP subunits ) respectively. 

TEAD integrated with and coordinates the Hippo, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) started by TGF-gamma which formed by the effects of synthetase then followed by the effect of synthase on long fatty acids chains which produced from pro-nutrients-mTOR and from inflammations molecules upon the effects of ATPase and COX enzymes for finally produce TGF-beta subunits that will produce TGF-alpha upon the phospholipase effects. 

Hippo pathways represent the FOX genes effects on the same pro-nutrients-mTOR pathways and can be considered as the main processes for producing the four protein kinases (PSTCK, PSTGk, PSTAk & PSTT- kinases ) which are imp proteins-kinase that produced from the effects of FOX genes and ATPase with mitochondrial OPA1 activities on pro-nutrients-mTOR molecules through secreting mito-enzymes (Cox, Synthetase, synthase, and phospholipase) for acting on lipid, carbohydrate, and proteins, which later will produce three forms of long fatty acyl-CoAs molecules upon the effects of the three mitochondrial enzymes, where those RORs isoforms are the regulator for all biosynthesis pathways and cells proliferation, including beta cells macrophages, and T-cells biosynthesis. 

Nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor-related-orphan-receptor-gamma (ROR-γ) synthesis is depending on synthetase enzymes' effects on fatty acids chains and is the basic activator key for transcription factors necessary for re-activating Th17 cell (in the availability of synthase functions) and for some of the critical cases of IL-17 production.

TAZ and YAP signaling processes are the coactivators of TEAD transcription factors, where the core of the Hippo pathway and The RORs isoforms biosynthesis are comprising the Ser /Thr kinase cascade and both of the Taz pathway and ROR-gamma (fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase) subunits have the same origin pathways and activities for rebuilding pyrimidine from purines upon their effect on carbohydrate and sugar molecules.

Abbreviations
_PSTTk is protein-Ser /Thr - Thymine - kinase subunits "a mitogen family"produced due to phosphorylations upon the effects of ATPase and COX enzymes on pro-nutrients-mTOR molecules then followed by mitochondrial OPA1 anabolic enzymes for hydrophobic acids synthesis than for preparing synthesized subunits for gamma-oxidation, for beta-oxidations, and for alpha-oxidations upon effects of synthetase synthase, then phospholipase respectively, that those kinds of kinases begin to be formed as amino acids chains.

_PSTCk is a protein-Ser /Thr - Cytosine kinase subunits "a mitogen family "

_PSTGk is a protein - Ser /Thr guanine kinases subunits "a mitogen family "

_PSTAk is a protein -Ser /Thr-guanine kinases subunits "a mitogen family".

__glucocorticoid subunits  ( glucocorticoids-gamma {GC-g} and glucocorticoid-beta {GC-b} ) ,

Glucocorticoid-alpha is (GC-alpha) which formed upon phospholipase effects on GC-beta ,

_RAW264.7 cells, _T-cells 

_ OPA1 is a mitochondrial inner membrane

_ Retinoic acid receptor-related-orphan-receptor

(RORs) isoforms (ROR-γ+ROR-beta +ROR-alpha)

_fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (gamma-subunits) +fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (Beta-subunits) +Fatty-acyl-CoA-phospholipase (alpha subunits)

_T.sub.H17

_neutrophile

_three glial mRNAs (glial improved mRNAs):

1_oxidative-gamma-RNAs

2_oxidative-beta-RNAs, 

3_oxidative-alpha-RNAs

_ Astrocytes

_Phorbol ester (Ph)

_PKC membrane

_Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4),

_Netrin-1

_Bacterial plasmids

Gamma-subunit and beta-subunits

_ lipopolysaccharide is( LPS).}.

Materials:

_glucocorticoid subunits (glucocorticoids-gamma {GC-g} and glucocorticoid-beta {GC-b}),_RAW264.7 cells, _T-cell,s_ OPA1 inner membrane,_ Retinoic acid receptor-related-orphan-receptor RORs isoforms (ROR-γ+ROR-beta +ROR-alpha),_fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (gamma-subunits) +fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (Beta-subunits) +Fatty-acyl-CoA- phospholipase (alpha subunits ),_T.sub.H17,_neutrophile,_three glial mRNAs (glial improved mRNAs) : 1_oxidative-gamma-RNAs 2_oxidative-beta-RNAs 3, _oxidative-alpha-RNAs, _ astrocytes, _phorbol ester, _PKC membrane, _Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), _netrin-1, _bacterial plasmids, Gamma-subunit and beta-subunits, _LPS-Rs, _ TLR4

Methods and results:

Transcriptional enhanced associated domain (TEAD) transcription factors play important roles for tissue development, and for cell proliferation.TAZ, is the co-activator of TEAD transcription factors, was expressed under T.sub.H17 cell-inducing conditions and was required for T.sub.H17 differentiation and T.sub.H17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases [1]. TAZ is a critical co-activator of the T.sub.reg cell for activating the pyrimidine resynthesis from purines nucleotides for producing fatty acyl-CoA-synthetase where TAZ has the basic role for digesting carbohydrate, long fatty acids, inflammations, and sugar molecules for adopting purines in tissue (that cooperate with TCA cycles for adopting purines ) and in interstitium fluid through producing necessary pyrimidine nucleotides for hydrophobic acids synthesis which is the same pathways for ROR-gamma biosynthesis. 

In case of deficiency in necessary hydrophobic acids bio-synthesis which carry the critical co-activator role for the T.sub.H17-defining transcription factor will reflect decreasing or inhibition in ROR-gamma then in ROR-beta subunits productions that will reflect decreasing or inhibition in IL-beta, in TNF-beta and in macrophages Productions, lead to decreasing in the cellular activities and decreasing in T.sub.H17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. 

In addition, TAZ can prevent or attenuate T.sub.reg cell development till will digest inflammation molecules for ROR-gamma subunits productions upon the effect of synthetase enzymes for promising of converting purine to pyrimidine nucleotides for re-synthesis the necessary hydrophobic acids needed for gamma subunits productions (acyl-CoA synthetase) which will be used for re-produce beta subunits (fatty acyl-CoA synthase) upon synthase effects, where the active gamma-subunits productions which followed by active beta-oxidation are necessary for fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase productions for re-activating T.sub.reg cells.       

The nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor-related-orphan-receptor-gamma (ROR-γ) synthesis is depending on synthetase enzymes effects on fatty acids chains and is the basic activator key for transcription factors necessary for Th17 cell re-activation and for critical cases of the production of the IL-17 family of the cytokines-beta family which their activities started by the effects of synthase enzyme on the fatty acyl-CoA-gamma subunits for producing fatty acyl-CoAs synthase (or acyl-CoA-beta) subunits for increasing anti-inflammatory effects and immune efficiency that can reflect an adopting in purines and pyrimidines in tissues and in insulin growth. 

where overexpression of ROR-gamma receptors can attenuate or block or reduce the T Helper 17/Interleukin-17 (IL-beta) productions Leading to Attenuated Pro-inflammatory Human Keratinocyte and Skin Responses [2], The relations of the percentage between molecular synthesis of ROR-gamma and ROR-beta have to be inequality and depending on the surrounding cellular environment in vivo. Where, ROR-gamma can be produced upon synthetase enzyme effects on long fatty acids chains for re-synthesis the hydrophobic acids (whether fatty or amino acids or both) that can lead to attenuating in pro-anti-inflammatory Beta subunits productions which can be associated with the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ... etc

RORs isoforms biosynthesis are depending on FOX functions and on mitochondrial OPA1 gene activities, that are comprising the Ser /Thr kinase cascade, While The core Hippo pathway signaling cascade in mammals are comprising serine/threonine kinase cascade too consisting of MST1/2 (homologs of the Drosophila kinase Hippo), [3]. 

Fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase (ROR-gamma) is the basis for ROR-beta subunits productions and for glucocorticoid gamma and beta synthesis upon the synthase effects for fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase productions. The TAZ signaling pathway has the same pathway activities as the ROR-gamma (fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase) subunits biosynthesis pathway, that the increase in TAZ signaling processes will raise up levels of carbohydrate and fatty acids metabolism and adopt (or decrease) purines in blood levels, while will raise the pyrimidine synthesis and maintain the proper balance of purines and pyrimidines for hydrophobic acids synthesis for active gamma subunits synthesis, (fatty acyl-CoA synthetase) that can be used for re-activating glucocorticoid-gamma productions, while the effects of synthase on acyl-CoA- synthetase (gamma subunits) will produce glucocorticoid-beta which can produce IL-beta that can reactivate astrocyte, netrin-1, and neutrophiles functions. The glucocorticoid Receptor (GRs) has roles of function activating steroid hormone, and mitochondrial matrix repair and activations, where glucocorticoid (GC) contains the estrogen receptor that GR has strong roles for estrogen biosynthesis and strong roles in anti-inflammatory pathways. 

The glucocorticoids (GCs) Biosynthesis pathways are linked and regulated by synthetase effects on phosphorylated long fatty acids chains for glucocorticoid-gamma (gamma subunits) productions followed by synthase enzyme effects for producing glucocorticoid-beta subunits productions (beta subunits) which is basic units for netrin-1 synthesis which are the basis for the neutrophile repairs and reactivations. 

Glucocorticoids biological molecules are carrying two imp roles of 1st, pro-inflammatory subunits productions, which results from the effects of ROR-gamma (effect of fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase enzymes) on inflammatory molecules, 2nd, anti-inflammatory activities due to production of IL-beta and beta subunits for acting on inflammation molecules. 

Glucocorticoid-gamma has anti-inflammatory activities on inflammations for producing pro-inflammatory subunits due to the effects of acyl-CoA synthetase (gamma subunits) on inflammations for analysing their contents for starting anti-inflammatory pathways activity, While glucocorticoid-beta is attributed to the repression of pro-inflammatory subunits through signal transduction by their steroid beta subunits (beta oxidations). That glucocorticoid can have two basics subunits:

1.glucocorticoid-gamma, 2.Glucocorticoids-beta. 

Both Glucocorticoids (GC) gamma and beta subunits are essential for regulating T-cell development but in the availability of phospholipase activities [4]. glucocorticoids have been described to promote Th2 cell predominance [5]. Glucocorticoids can be found in nature as remnants of vertebrates and dead animals, that appear in nature as microorganisms consisting of two subunits as bacterial plasmids or as viral one beta subunits strand self-replicated, that when infected humans firstly will cause pro-inflammation molecules or subunits upon the effects of gamma subunits followed by beta oxidations process upon the effects of bacterial beta subunits that can be replicated to form protein as antigens surrounding host cells than in pathogenesis can cause invasion, which can involve enzymes and toxins during bacterial self-replication. Glucocorticoids (GCs) can also affect antigen presentation. [6] As bacteria and microorganisms are having the GC origin as will affect antigen présentation too. 

In addition, the TAZ signaling pathway coordinates hepatic glucose, where, TAZ coordinates hepatic glucose homeostasis in normal physiological states [7], the TAZ signaling process has the role of functions of adopting purines for pyrimidine synthesis in vivo. In addition, TAZ/YAP signaling pathway is inactivated under the low glucose condition or by the inhibition of glycolysis while it is activated in response to high levels of glucose metabolism [8,9]. 

The TAZ signaling process is depending on synthetase enzyme activities (which has an imp role in carbohydrate metabolism) for producing fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase (ROR-gamma) isoforms synthesis, while the YAP signaling process is the effects of synthase enzyme on ROR-gamma subunits (on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase) for produce acyl-CoA synthase (ROR-beta) subunits or fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase, which regulate netrin-1 productions which has the basis of neutrophile synthesis and repairs which can be integrated into re-activating beta-cells synthesis and macrophages synthesis ( linear-beta formes), that can create IL-beta upon the stimulation of inflammatory molecules and by toxic irregular molecules, where, IL-beta can be reduced or inhibited through reactivating of the feedback of gamma subunits productions for restarting and reactivating TAZ basic pathway for rebuilding pyrimidine from purines and for rebuilding active signals transmission. 

Macrophages are activated by the two glucocorticoid-subunits syntheses (gamma and Beta-subunit) through firstly the gamma-subunits productions then followed by beta-subunits productions for promoting neutrophile activities through oxidative mRNAs productions for re-activating astrocytes functions. Both macrophages and IL-beta are responsible for building specified defense effects by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes that act as anti-inflammatory tools and act as main tools for reactivating cells proliferation [10].       

The increasing of the effectiveness of immunity can be first through the regulation of ATPase and COX-1 enzymes on inflammations for producing long fatty acids chains followed by synthetase effects for producing ROR-gamma (TAZ), then followed by synthase effects for producing fatty acyl-CoA-beta which will activate glucocorticoid subunits which will activate netrin-1, macrophages synthesis and neutrophiles synthesis, where neutrophils are a multi fatty acyl-CoA-gamma +fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (ROR-beta) active subunits +IL-beta for acting on inflammatory molecules that can contribute in the producing its own specified macrophages (linear forms), upon the effects of phospholipase for producing rounded circular forms of macrophages. 

Both TAZ /YAP serves as a basic key with regulatory roles in mesenchymal stem cells developments at several steps of osteochondrogenesis, where they promote progenitor cell expansion for the third stage which depends on phospholipase function effects on both active glucocorticoid (gamma and Beta- glucocorticoid ) for promoting the T-cells bio-synthesis (where T-cells basically depending on phospholipase effects (alpha-oxidations) on ROR-gamma and on ROR-beta (YAP Pathway) which is fatty acyl-CoA-synthase (beta subunits) for activating the proliferation processes through the synthesis of Alpha-subunits and is acting as rheostats for terminal osteoblastic differentiation, (but not activate) where osteoporosis need the activation by phospholipase for activating the alpha-oxidations for proliferation and osteoblastic development. 

At early stages of the development of YAP / TAZ functions are differ at late stages of osteoblastic differentiation. [11], Where early processes of TAZ /YAP Pathway are differed from late processes due to the continual modifications of gamma and beta subunits by gamma and beta-oxidation that feed alpha-oxidations for proliferation through phospholipase effects for promoting osteoblastic development. Where, firstly gamma and beta-oxidation contributing in glucocorticoid subunits bio-synthesis, activating astrocytes, netrin-1 biosynthesis and neutrophile, but the stages of proliferations need to be activated by phospholipase effects for running alpha-oxidations for proliferation and T-cells bio-synthesis.

Hippo TAZ pathway is the basic process for fatty acyl-CoA-synthetase synthesis upon the effects of synthetase enzymes on carbohydrate, on lipoproteins, on inflammations molecules for producing the active gamma-subunits through pyrimidine nucleotides synthesis for (maintenance) maintaining the basic balance and molecular numbers of purines and pyrimidines in interstitium fluid, and for cooperating with TCA cycles through adopting the synthesis of the purine (Synthesis from TCA cycles) by the pyrimidine synthesis for stimulating the acyl-CoA synthase production upon the effects of synthase on the active ROR-gamma subunits which later for IL-beta productions and for producing specified glial mRNA activities. 

Stimulating the YAP signaling pathway is depending on firstly TAZ pathways through the production of the gamma subunits which will be the basis of the beta-subunits upon the effects of synthase, which are necessary for netrin-1 production for neutrophile repairs and activations which carry imp rules in anti-inflammatory effective processes. The YAP (fatty acyl-CoA-synthase activities ) Pathway is reflecting a critical role of the effect of Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) against Aβ-induced inflammatory response in microglia. [12].

Glucocorticoids subunits (glucocorticoid-gamma & beta ) are acting as activating factors for the GDNF and for the membrane receptors DCC activations, where both glucocorticoids subunits are considered as the basic receptors for activating netrin-1 synthesis and for neuronal signals migration.[13]. Where glucocorticoids exert specific actions on the expression of adhesion molecules on activated neutrophils. [14].

The Hippo pathway and the RORs isoforms are fully identical and connected together in their origin and in their roles of activities and having the same identical biosynthesis pathways which started by the effects of synthetase enzyme effects for active gamma-subunits productions (TAZ signaling process ) by gamma-oxidations process, followed by synthase effect (beta-oxidation) on fatty acyl-CoA-gamma for producing fatty-acyl-CoA-beta subunits (YAP Pathway ) for IL-beta, TNF-beta, glucocorticoid-beta, and thromboxane-beta productions. 

The oxidative-ligations processes for long active fatty acyl-CoA-beta production (beta-oxidations ) will activate and regulate beta-cells repairs and cytokinesis-beta biosynthesis for linear forms of macrophages biosynthesis, and for active beta subunits as glucocorticoid-beta which regulate membrane receptors (which necessary for netrin-1 receptors synthesis ) for neutrophile biosynthesis and repairs. 

Both TAZ / YAP are depending on synthetase and on synthase activities functions respectively, and depending on ATPase +mitochondrial COX enzymes for producing long fatty acids chains, but, the productions of the primary four kinds of protein kinases {PSTCk (mTORC1 or PCK kinase), PSTTK, PSTGk, and PSTAK kinases } by FOX functions are basically depending on synthetase, synthase and phospholipase enzymes for producing the three RORs isoforms ROR-gamma (Gamma-oxidations ) +ROR- beta(beta-oxidation ) +ROR-alpha(alpha-oxidations ) respectively. 

Where due to the pro-nutrients-mTOR availabilities will be bind to FOX genes and will be affected firstly by ATPase and COX-1 enzymes for generating long fatty acids chains which will be followed by mitochondrial enzymes effects for generating the three RORs isoforms (ROR-gamma, beta, and alpha) synthesis upon the effects of the three mitochondrial anabolic enzymes the synthetase, synthase, and phospholipase enzymes respectively. 

The Hippo signaling pathways considered as Gamma-oxidations (TAZ signaling pathway ) followed by beta-oxidation (YAP signaling pathway) for ROR-gamma and ROR-beta isoforms productions synthesis and is highly dependent on FOX genes activities which responsible for releasing different four kinds of protein kinases which are basic for gamma oxidations then beta oxidations for releasing the active (Cytokine-beta), glucocorticoid-beta, netrin-1 then finally beta subunits can follow the alpha oxidations upon the effects of phospholipase for ROR-alpha productions for cells proliferation, for macrophages and for T-cells proliferation. Where it has been considered that the Hippo pathway is a highly conserved kinase cascade that regulates cell proliferation, survival, mobility, stemness, and differentiation.[15]. The blockage or inhibition or decrease in Gamma-oxidations followed by decreasing in beta-oxidation will lead to the accumulation of long fatty acids chains in cells tissue and can lead to severe hypoxia.

Definition of hypoxia:

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply which is supposed to be through oxidative processes (RORs isoforms oxidative processes) which can affect all body. Hypoxia occurs with any interruption to normal oxidative processes belongs to respiration [16], which reflects decreasing in oxidative mRNAs gamma and beta productions from astrocytes and inhibition in their improvements by glial cells. 

Hypoxia started by full decreasing in COX or in ATPase enzymes Effects on the absorbed fatty nutrients- mTOR molecules and on inflammations molecules, that those molecules will not be analyzed properly then will reflect inhibitions in the production of long fatty acids chains that will lead to precipitation in and blockage in capillaries and may reflect inhibitions in Gamma-oxidations, in beta-oxidation, then in alpha-oxidations. 

Despite oxygen supply being given to patients with hypoxia, that will not give any progression due to their respiratory oxidative processes were fully inhibited and blocked. The three types of the main basis of oxidations are 1_Gamma-oxidations (result for releasing fatty acyl-CoA- synthetase upon the effects of synthetase enzymes on long fatty acids chains) (ROR-gamma isoforms), 2_ then followed by beta-oxidation (fatty acyl-CoA-synthase upon the effects of synthase enzyme on gamma subunits ) (ROR-beta isoforms), 3_ then followed by alpha-oxidations (fatty acyl-CoA- phospholipase upon the effects of phospholipase on Beta-subunit ) (ROR-alpha isoforms). 

The sudden inhibition in COX and ATPase activities followed by inhibition in respiratory oxidative processes (which mainly depends on Gamma-oxidations) can be due to high temp effects or due to increasing in +ve molecules or due to full inhibitions in oxidative mRNA-gamma production lead to inhibition in glial cells activities. The increase in phosphorylated - ve bonding energy can increase mitochondrial effects for producing the oxidative mRNA-gamma by Gamma-oxidations on carbohydrate for hydrophobic acids synthesis for building active fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase subunits which will follow the synthase effects for building linear forms of fatty acyl-CoA-synthase subunits (oxidative mRNA-beta) for improvement by glial cells and increase respiratory cycles. 

Due to internal (internal inflammation signals in vivo) or external agitation, the ATPase and mitochondrial COX enzymes will be secreted for acting on inflammation for producing the long fatty acids chains "where COX de enzyme considered to be the first enzyme secreted by mitochondrial OPA1 inner membrane gene followed by synthetase, synthase then phospholipase respectively" (upon the signals created due to free protons and electrons from inflammatory molecules effects ). That, long fatty acids chains which produced from effects of ATPase and cox enzymes will be followed by the effects of the synthetase enzyme for creating active signals through adopting purines by pyrimidine synthesis that will be the result of hydrophobic acids synthesis eg: Tyr, Leu, Cys, Gly.. etc for building ROR-gamma isoforms (gamma-subunits ) synthesis including TNF-gamma, Thromboxane-gamma, and glucocorticoid-gamma productions, which will follow the effects of synthase enzyme for beta-oxidation processes for ROR-beta isoforms synthesis, for TNF-beta synthesis, for IL-beta production, and for glucocorticoid-beta productions (for increasing oxidative mRNA-beta production through transcriptions), where both previous processes Gamma-oxidations and beta-oxidation can be considered as the basis for mRNA-gamma and mRNA-beta productions for astrocytes and brain glial activities modulations for completing and running oxidative processes, where oxidative mRNAs can be modified and improved by glial astrocytes cells which produce a higher number of improved modified active mRNAs which have their own effective processes on inflammation molecules (as a type of anti-inflammatory effects), on adopting vision during light reduction, on increasing anti-inflammatory effectiveness, and on running respiratory cycles activities processes.      

Where the fatty acyl-CoA-synthetase and fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (oxidative mRNAs) can be directed to be used as glucocorticoid-gamma subunits and glucocorticoid-beta subunits for brain functions activities where will be used for reactivating (promote) astrocytes again (as feedback) and neutrophile repairs and modulations too. 

A neutrophil is the modulating essential tool for oxidative mRNAs productions for anti-inflammation and for astrocytes and brain re-activations :

Astrocytes have a robust enzymatic capacity for contributing in the glycolysis through cooperating to glycogenesis (TCA) cycles for adopting their results of TCA-purines productions by pyrimidines synthesis (as described previously upon the effects of synthetase enzyme & active gamma-subunits functions ) where can be promoted by the biosynthesis of modified gamma-oxidative glial mRNAs (glial improved mRNAs), where, astrocytes have their own activities on lipid and on carbohydrate metabolism through its roles in re-activating Gamma-oxidations (upon the effects of synthetase) then followed by beta-oxidation effects for active beta-subunits productions and (beta-oxidative glial mRNAs) for providing necessary support to the brain parenchyma for neuronal consumptions [17].

Where Gamma-oxidations and beta-oxidation activities are providing the main supports (by oxidative mRNAs synthesis) to brain cells through active gamma-subunits productions (eg for modulating visions during light reduction), followed by beta-subunits productions (which necessary for IL-beta synthesis), and then followed by alpha-oxidations for active alpha subunits productions (which is necessary for proliferation processes including T-cells biosynthesis which depending on phospholipase activities on previous subunits gamma and beta ) upon the effects of phospholipase through converting linear forms to circular cells forms ( through specific binding of amino acids which their types can vary according to oxidative mRNAs functions and tissues specificity) contains their necessary inner contents. 

The neutrophils carry the basic role for astrocytes activities and repair where, the Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant class of white blood cells necessary for modulating astrocytes, and typically the first type of leukocyte. [18] Reactivating Neutrophile (which is the basis for interstitium fluid efficiency) can be through reactivating necessary oxidative processes for producing oxidative mRNAs gamma and beta (by reactivating gamma oxidations and beta oxidations respectively for re-activating astrocytes, for brain glial activities, for macrophages resynthesis, then for T-cells synthesis (which upon availabilities of phospholipase enzymes which is necessary for proliferation processes). 

The synthesis and modification of oxidative-mRNAs start by the neutrophile modulations activities for astrocytes repair and for glial mRNAs (gamma and beta) improvements, where, It has been speculated that astrocytes are a source of ELR chemokines in the human central nervous system (CNS), in neurons and in astrocytes that can respond to those Chemokine [19]. The secreted protein Lipocalin-2 "LCN2" (modulated oxidative mRNAs ) is an autocrine modulator of the functional polarization by astrocytes due to immune or inflammatory stimuli and that Lipocalin-2 ( LCN2) could be targeted therapeutically to dampen pro-inflammatory astrocytic activation and related pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS).[20]

Synthetase is the basic effective tool for modulating prostaglandins, for anti-inflammations, and for improving phospholipid membranes in the availability of phospholipase :

Phospholipid (phospho-lipo-protein) molecules are designed as protective biological molecules for cells membrane protections from temperature variations effects, from viral effects, and from normal catabolic processes effects (except the ATPase and COX effects that have the ability to analyze phospholipid for producing prostaglandins).       

The number of detergent molecules bound to purified membrane proteins is dependent on the physicochemical properties of the detergents and on the hydrophobic lipid-accessible protein surfaces [21]. i.e., synthetase activities for hydrophobic acids synthesis are necessary for phospholipid synthesis and binding to cells membranes for filtration and protection.  

Due to inflammatory stimulated factors, the phospholipids membranes will be degraded by the effects of ATPase and COX enzymes on phospholipid and on inflammations molecules to produce fatty acids chains which upon synthetase effects will produce gamma subunits (long fatty-acyl-CoA-gamma isoforms), which upon the following effect of synthase will produce beta subunits (upon beta- oxidations) which can be the modulator for glucocorticoid-beta synthesis and neutrophile modulations. 

The effects of synthetase on long fatty acids responsible for producing ROR-gamma (fatty-acyl-CoA- synthetase ) and active signals which followed by the effect of synthase enzyme as the second step for producing ROR-beta isoforms (beta-subunits) that can be the main steps for linear macrophages synthesis (beta-macrophages), for the IL-beta synthesis and for neutrophile biosynthesis through netrin- 1 synthesis. Neutrophiles include IL-beta where neutrophiles modulate the oxidative mRNAs (upon gamma and beta oxidations) productions.  

Due to gamma oxidations that increase carbohydrate metabolic processes, the adoptions of purines and pyrimidine synthesis will be increased (upon the effects of synthetase enzymes with cooperation with Tri-carboxylic acid "TCA" cycles) with the increasing of the releasing of free protons and electrons which create signals for re-activating migrations and stimulate other cells for modulating neuron metabolic processes and brain by oxidative- mRNAs productions for astrocytes and brain activities that can re-activate signals again through feedback for RORs isoforms productions. 

The OPA1 inner membrane gene contains specific sequences in orders of arrangement of (mito-enz) mitochondrial enzymes that can express firstly COX enzymes for degradation the nutrient-mTOR and inflammations molecules followed by the three of mitochondrial enzymes which are responsible for expressing RORs isoforms and oxidative mRNAs subunits, that firstly started by the effect of synthetase enzymes followed by synthase efforts and ended up by phospholipase Effects, that each of that mitochondrial enzyme in OPA1 gene can be effect and release in orders its own isoform and subunits, and all are depending on each other in order respectively.

Induction of prostaglandin "PGE2" biosynthesis by IL-1β is depending and mediated by protein-kinases C (PKC which originally produced by FOX gene activity ) and mitogen-activated protein kinases is fully connected and related to the previous step of gamma-oxidations processes then followed by synthase effects for (beta-oxidations) processes for producing IL-beta for anti-inflammation processes upon inflammation stimuli and upon releasing pro-inflammation molecules (which firstly upon the effects of synthetase).

Fatty acyl-CoA-Synthetase subunits (gamma-subunits) and phorbol ester are having the same origin and same activities:

Upon the stimulations of Astrocytes by phorbol ester (PMA) will be followed by IL-1β synthesis, and will reflect increases in carbohydrate digestion and metabolism and will reflect increase in purines and pyrimidine level adoption for hydrophobic acids synthesis. The PKC membrane is the main composition of astrocytes, where the increase in PMA can analyze and break PKC membrane for producing gamma subunits and for pyrimidine synthesis, where PMA can be considered as the basis for IL-beta productions and has the function of creating and increase signals migrations due to its activities, where PMA is playing the same activities and functions roles as the acyl- CoA synthetase activities and activates gamma-oxidations for gamma subunits productions followed by beta-oxidation for beta-subunits productions which can repairs beta cells. , and can activate IL-beta, TNF-beta, and Thromboxane-beta productions. 

The high effects of PMA gamma oxidations on the PKC membrane will analyze its contents result of releasing pro-inflammatory molecules and converting some purines to pyrimidines nucleotides (reflect increasing in glucose metabolism ) which create active signals through creating its gamma-subunits. The reduction or the downstream of PMA will reduce the prostaglandins PGE2 productions and will reduce the IL-beta productions too upon reductions in Gamma-oxidations.  Where, the PKC-depleted astrocyte cultures by PMA no longer responded to PMA or IL-1 (indicating that PKC has active sites that respond to and activated only by PMA), and the ablation of the effects of PMA and IL-1β on PGE2 production, likely results from down-regulation of phorbol ester sensitive-PKC isoenzymes [22].       

Astrocytes are created structures activated by neutrophils through gamma oxidations followed by beta oxidations processes for extending the oxidative activities by producing mRNAs (gamma and beta) for brain activities that can be extended to cells proliferation upon phospholipase activities for T-cells proliferation. The astrocytes synthesis and repair are firstly activated by gamma oxidations followed by beta oxidations for producing mRNAs gamma upon phorbol ester (PMA) activities. Astrocytes express various G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and depending on ser/Thr kinases availabilities and on synthetase enzyme for producing acyl-CoA gamma subunits followed by acyl-CoA beta productions, that can be activated by neurotransmitters, by neuropeptides (neuro-hydrophobic amino acids). Where astrocytes express all three types of β-adrenergic receptors (β1, β2, and β3).[23] 

The Fatty acid and phorbol ester-mediated interference of mitogenic signaling via novel protein kinase C isoforms in pancreatic beta-cells for firstly producing the acyl-CoA-synthetase(gamma-subunits) which followed by acyl-CoA-synthase production, where the phorbol esters necessary for producing PKC upon its effect on long fatty acids for producing pyrimidines for gamma subunits synthesis and then for IL- 1beta synthesis upon synthase effect.[24]

Where, phorbol ester (PMA) represents the activities of acyl-CoA synthetase subunits (gamma-subunits) which has strong effects on carbohydrate metabolism and induce active signals which stimulate the gamma-subunits productions, and then beta subunits productions and considered as is carrying the basic roles for pro-inflammations synthesis and for increasing the anti-inflammatory processes in the availabilities of IL-beta synthesis, where PMA is responsible for IL-beta synthesis for astrocytes repairs, and for the two glucocorticoids subunits synthesis. 

Note, Phorbol ester (PMA) is employed in biomedical studies to create signal transmission activities due to its activities for creating free protons and free active electrons for re-activating signals for stimulating biological cycles eg: its effects on carbohydrate, on sugar, and on fatty acids chains for pyrimidine synthesis that can cooperate with TCA cycles for adopting sugar purines through pyrimidine synthesis.

Where PMA has strong effects on carbohydrate digestion for pyrimidine synthesis from purines for hydrophobic fatty and amino acids synthesis.[25].  Also, PMA enhanced the synthesis of proteoglycans (PG)which is the basis for collagen synthesis and depending on Ser and Gly synthesis and availabilities (where in case of deficiency in PMA activities and in Ser deficiency will lead to joints pain and cartilage erosion due to lack of PG synthesis) where the stimulation of the PMA synthesis reflects an increase in proteoglycans (PG) protein moiety productions, and tend to an increase in the glycation process. [26]

The increase in the effects of PMA on fatty acids chains will increase fatty glycoprotein synthesis and will increase the spontaneous non-enzymatic reactions of free reducing sugars with free amino groups giving glycan molecules. The increase in phorbol ester can reflect increasing in proteoglycan synthesis through the effects of synthetase on carbohydrate and on purines for pyrimidine synthesis followed by its effect on fatty acids through enhancing the production of pyrimidine nucleotides for hydrophobic acids synthesis for producing acyl-CoA synthetase gamma subunits productions which can act spontaneously for free amino acids synthesis. 

The effects of phorbol esters can be considered as has the roles in activating irreversible Diacylglycerols (DAG) through its effects on long fatty acids chains for producing irreversible DAG molecules due to pyrimidine synthesis which can participate in forming active irreversible PKC membrane.[27] Where due to the conversion of purines to pyrimidine nucleotides will cause an irreversible process for hydrophobic acids synthesis upon the effects of PMA on protein-glycan and on carbohydrates.  Also, The active phorbol esters can act as an enzyme to generate irreversible pyrimidine synthesis for rebuilding the PKC-membrane complex.  Also, the activation of protein kinase C can activate phorbol esters sufficiently to promote NOS induction.[28]. Gamma-oxidations can activate phorbol esters which have the responsibility for increasing cellular signals activities which promote cellular migration for extending to the interleukin beta synthesis, where, Phorbol Ester Modulates Interleukin 6- and Interleukin 1-regulated Expression [29].   

The PMA and acyl-CoA synthetase (acyl-CoA-gamma) are having the same origin and are so necessary for inducing pyrimidines nucleotides for hydrophobic amino acids synthesis for IL-beta synthesis and for astrocytes repair through the synthesis of PKC membrane, and also indicates the value and necessity of acyl-CoA-gamma subunits as the basis of several necessary metabolic processes including the acyl-CoA- synthase (beta-subunits) productions for neutrophile repair, for activating astrocytes, and for netrin-1 synthesis, where, netrin-1 play imp roles in the development of lungs and pancreas beta-cells, and described as neuronal guidance and have bifunctionally roles 1st is catabolic processes which is the basis for pyrimidine synthesis and for IL-beta production which is anabolic effect for increasing anti-inflammatory tools and processes. The netrin-1 activates growth cone collapse and can induce both of protein degradation and rapid growth cone collapse activation, where Sema3A-induced growth cone. collapse requires protein synthesis and p42/p44 (which depend on synthetase activities) [30].

Astrocytes can be stimulated by a reduction in light that can activate gamma-oxidations that can be the results in creating signals and G-protein development for modifying optical development and modify the width of eye pupil and according to light effect, where, Optogenetic activation of Gq signaling in astrocytes yields stimulations. [31] 

The stimulation of light reduction to astrocytes indicate the stimulations firstly of the gamma-oxidations by astrocytes for activating their phorbol ester subunits or acyl-CoA synthetase subunits for producing their imp gamma subunits (p38, p42.................. ) which are necessary for starting the increasing of the IL-beta and other beta subunits upon the effects of beta oxidations by synthase enzyme and can create more of effective signals which can modify vision and produce the two types of mRNAs gamma and beta for activating glial and increase the modification of mRNAs for brain activities and can be the results of IL-beta and netrin-1 improvements and G-protein improvements.

Plasmids are double-stranded subunits gamma-subunits and Beta-subunit that each is running own oxidative processes, where basically plasmid are having the basic origin of the biosynthesis of gamma and beta subunits (fatty-acyl-CoA gamma and beta subunits ) invertebrates (fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase and synthase), that originally depend on synthetase then synthase enzymes in their origin, that can found as linear structures or in circular forms depends on their composition from amino acids. Types of plasmids depend on their content from hydrophobic amino & fatty acids

In their double subunits chain that exists in bacteria as extra-chromosomal subunits (gamma & beta) that have self-replicating characters. 

Note, bacterial plasmids subunits are able in vivo to run the glucocorticoid cycles activities for activating netrin-1 and for DCC synthesis that bacteria produce their own subunits for running their own pathological pathways. 

That I can consider that excretions from glucocorticoids subunits can be improved in vitro environments to be plasmids that their classes can be due to +ve bonding content and due to their amino acids content in specific arrangements. 

Gamma oxidations inhibit TLR4, but beta-oxidations followed by alpha-oxidations will activate TLR4 and T-cells synthesis and functions :

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) where LPS is activating Gamma- oxidations process results of producing fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase (gamma-subunits) which under synthetase effects will produce fatty-acyl-CoA synthase (beta-subunits) which necessary for producing IL-beta that promotes TLR4 biosynthesis (for T-cells biosynthesis) to initiate anti-inflammatory responses and oxidative stress (which includes three types of oxidations for producing the three types of active subunits gamma, beta, and alpha ). Oxidative processes firstly start by ATPase and COX enzyme lead to some irregular intermediates subunits productions, in case of deficiency in mitochondrial enzymes synthetase and synthase that will reflect a deficiency in pyrimidines synthesis and deficiency in adopting blood glucose or purines that will lead to irregular or mutated subunits productions that will not be able to produce IL-beta and TLR4  transmembrane which is necessary for T-cells activities that can clear invading pathogens. 

The lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are reported to be TLR4 antagonists, and at the same time considered as preventing lung cancer that LPS-Rs are activating the 1st step of Gamma-oxidations for producing the basic gamma-subunits for generating Beta-subunit for generating Alpha-subunits for TLR4 transmembranes synthesis and for activating their own RAW264.7 cells. That LPSs molecules activate Gamma-oxidations for fatty-acyl-CoAsynthetas protection (ROR gamma ) followed by beta-oxidation then followed by alpha-oxidations will activate TLR4 synthesis that activates T-cells function for their tissues. 

Where Activation of RAW264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific for the TLR4 receptor will involve activating the three RORs isoforms activities (specifically ROR-alpha activities that generate RAW264.7 cells with its active TLR4 transmembrane ) and activating beta and alpha-oxidations processes necessary for cells proliferation, causes a large increase in cellular sphingolipids. [32]

LPS is the basic that firstly promotes gamma oxidations through synthetase functions which will follow synthase effects for Beta-subunit productions which will promote TLR4 synthesis upon phospholipase effects (alpha-oxidations ) on Beta-subunit for initiating those types of transmembrane which can increase T-cells activities into the brain. TLR4 gene is a beta subunit (originated from gamma-subunits) that is promoted by fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase (Beta-subunits "beta-oxidations " ), that it's composition included both fatty gamma and beta subunits that able to activate both gamma and beta oxidations. 

Where the activation of TLR4 transmembrane through activating beta-subunits (beta-oxidations) followed by alpha-oxidations upon the effects of phospholipase leads to activating intracellular signaling pathway NF-κB and anti-inflammatory cytokine productions. But activation through fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase (gamma oxidations) will lead to attenuate the production of TLR4 till will complete its Gamma-oxidations for producing gamma-subunits then will follow beta-oxidation and alpha-oxidations for TLR4 synthesis upon the effects of phospholipase functions for activating RAW264.7 cells and T-cells. 

That due to some of the disease conditions, the TLR4 transmembrane can be analyzed due to high expression of gamma oxidations lead to free up own main amino acids contents by the effect of synthetase enzyme, as eg of LPS can activate Gamma-oxidations for acting on lipid, on carbohydrate, on lipoproteins, and on trans-membranes for producing gamma-subunits which will follow the rest of mitochondrial enzymes for producing beta and alpha subunits for TLR4 synthesis which activate T-cells functions.

That, it has been reported that LPS-Rs, through TLR4 antagonism, significantly inhibit TLR4 mediated inflammatory.[33].

BCL6 which regulates lipid metabolism is promoted by gamma-oxidations, which is considered as fatty- acyl-CoA-synthetase (gamma-subunits) which upon beta-oxidation will activate Beta-subunit which is necessary for macrophages activities. BCL6 biosynthesis is promoted by proper Gamma-oxidations by synthetase enzyme on fatty acids chains for producing BCL6, where, BCL6 is considered as fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase (gamma-subunits) that necessary and involved in fat and in carbohydrate metabolism, which upon beta-oxidation will activate Beta-subunit which is necessary for activating beta-cells, for autophagy synthesis, and is believed that participate in the regulation of sugar with TCA cycles, and promote uncoupled respiration through increasing active sites in gamma-subunits for carrying oxygen. 

BCL6 drives a gene expression program that promotes survival, fatty acid oxidation (through activating fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetases active subunits which adopt environmental warmth), and uncoupled respiration. BCL6 is specifically required for maintaining thermogenic fitness during adaptation to environmental warmth.[34]

Where, degradation or mutations in BCL6 or BCL10 will promote B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 can stimulate K63 poly-ubiquitination, and inhibit fatty acid oxidation lead to accumulation of fatty acids on inner blood vessels walls, and inhibit uncoupled respiration activities. The Dysfunction in synthetase sequences in the OPA1 inner mitochondrial membrane which is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism for converting purines to pyrimidine and building migrating active signals that activate the adopting vision will lead to dysfunction in BCL6 genes, synthesis, and lead to optic neuropathy.

That the dysfunction of the mitochondrial OPA1 gene in ADOA is thought to be associated with apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells leading to optic neuropathy. [35] That activity which responsible for cells proliferation and for converting linear-RNAs forms to circular active RNA is controlled by Ser&Arg linkages and Thr (ACC) & Trp (TGG) linkages & Thr (ACA) & Cys (TGT) linkages, where phospholipase is necessary to connect and bind those amino acids and convert linear-RNAs to active circular-RNAs forms.

BCL6 is necessary for activation by inducing interactions between conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, Where B cells support the expansion of Bcl6, that B-cell produces beta-subunits which supports Bcl6 (gamma-subunits)through its functions for running gamma-oxidation for activating T-cells by building the interactive between dendritic and T cells. (ROR-γ) synthesis is depending on synthetase enzymes effects on fatty acids chains and is the basic activator key for transcription factors necessary for Bcl6 productions and for re-activating Th17 cells.

Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3

Conclusion:

OPA1 is the basis for macrophages biosynthesis, for glucocorticoids subunits productions for neutrophile proper repair, and for reactivating RAW264.7 cells and T-cells and regulations, where OPA1 contain COX enzyme sequence followed by synthetase, then synthase, then phospholipase sequences respectively in its biological active chain. 

Fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase (ROR-gamma) is the biological structures and composition for gamma- Subunits, for glucocorticoid-gamma subunits, for Phorbol ester (PMA), and for oxidative mRNA-gamma which necessary for glial cells activities, and for Bcl6 is carrying the same biological compositions of fatty-acyl-CoA-synthetase where it's biosynthesis depends on synthetase effects on fatty long chains and on FOX gene functions. While fatty-acyl-CoA-synthase is the main composition of Beta-subunit, for glucocorticoid beta, for TLR4 transmembrane synthesis and for oxidative mRNA-beta production necessary for astrocytes reactivities.

Hippo pathway and The RORs isoforms biosynthesis are comprising the Ser /Thr kinase cascade that is fully dependent on proper FOX gene function and pathways, were, both of Taz pathway and ROR- gamma (fatty-acyl-CoA synthetase) subunits synthesis are having the same origin of pathways and activities for rebuilding pyrimidine from purines upon their effect on carbohydrate, on fatty acids, and on sugar molecules for hydrophobic acids synthesis for building active gamma-subunits which used for Beta-subunit synthesis upon synthase effects. 

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